LIE versus LAY
| Present | Past | Past Participle |
| lie, lying (to tell a falsehood) | I lied to my mother. | I have lied under oath. |
| lie, lying (to recline) | I lay on the bed because I was tired. | He has lain in the grass. |
| lay, laying (to put, place) | I laid the baby in her cradle. | We have laid the dishes on the table. |
After laying down his weapon, the soldier lay down to sleep.
Will you lay out my clothes while I lie down to rest?
- lie lied lied (regular) - say something not true.
I don’t know why, but he always lies to me.
She lied about her father again and again.
Have you lied to me again?
- lie lay lain (irregular) - To be or place oneself at rest in a flat, horizontal, or recumbent position.
Look, you had better lie down, you look awful.
As soon as they lay in bed, they fell asleep.
The tree had lain where it had fallen for many years.
- lay laid laid (irregular) - To place in or bring to a particular position.
Lay the patient carefully on the bed over there.
They laid their new carpet in the lounge, and it looked great.
The body was laid carefully on the bed.
SIT versus SET
| Present | Past | Past Participle |
| sit (to be seated or come to resting position) | I sat in my favorite chair. | You have sat there for three hours. |
| set (to put or place) | I set my glass on the table. | She has set her books on my desk again. |
Let's set the table before we sit down to rest.
RISE versus RAISE
| Present | Past | Past Participle |
| rise (steady or customary upward movement) | The balloon rose into the air. | He has risen to a position of power. |
| raise (to cause to rise) | They raised their hands because they knew the answer. | I have raised the curtain many times. |
The boy raised the flag just before the sun rose.
(Source)
The ways to pronounce “ed” in past participle:
- Words ending in /t/ or /d/: pronounced /tid/ or /did/ (eg: needed, wanted)
- Words ending in voiceless sounds / p , k , f , θ , s , ∫ , t∫ / : pronounced / t / (eg: stopped, worked, laughed, toothed, advanced, finished, reached)
- Others: pronounced / d / (eg: cared, signed, gunned)
- Exception: --> pronounced /id/ :
· aged (adj – lớn tuổi), beloved (adj - đáng yêu), blessed (adj.- thiêng liêng, thần thánh), crooked (adj - cong), cursed (adj - ghê tởm, đáng ghét), dogged (adj - lì lợm), jagged (adj.- lởm chởm), learned (adj.- thông thái, có học thức), one-legged (adj - có một chân), naked (adj – trần trụi), ragged (adj - tả tơi, xơ xác), rugged (adj - gồ ghề, gian khổ, thô kệch, cáu gắt, vạm vỡ...), sacred (adj - thiêng liêng) wicked (adj – tinh quái, xấu xa), wretched (adj – khốn khổ, tồi tệ). (Practical English Usage - Item 13 - Adjectives ending in "ed")
· picnic -> picnicked -> picnicker (n).
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